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Coronaviruses

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                                               Coronavirus


Corona viruses are a group of viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, the viruses cause respiratory infections which are typically mild including the common cold but rarer forms like SARS and MERS can be lethal. In cows and pigs they may cause diarrhea, while in chickens they can cause an upper respiratory disease. There are no vaccines or antiviral drugs that are approved for prevention or treatment.





Coronaviruses are viruses in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae, in the order Nidovirales.[4][5] Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and with a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genomic size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, the largest for an RNA virus.
The name "coronavirus" is derived from the Latin corona, meaning crown or halo, which refers to the characteristic appearance of the virus particles (virions): they have a fringe reminiscent of a royal crown or of the solar corona.

Discovery

Coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s;[6] the earliest ones discovered were infectious bronchitis virus in chickens and two viruses from the nasal cavities of human patients with the common cold that were subsequently named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43.[7] Other members of this family have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and 2019-nCoV in 2019; most of these have been involved in serious respiratory tract infections.

Name and morphology

The name "coronavirus" is derived from the Latin corona and the Greek ╬║╬┐╧Б╧О╬╜╬╖ (korс╣Уn─У, "garland, wreath"), meaning crown or halo. This refers to the characteristic appearance of virions (the infective form of the virus) by electron microscopy, which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a royal crown or of the solar corona. This morphology is created by the viral spike (S) peplomers, which are proteins that populate the surface of the virus and determine host tropism.
Proteins that contribute to the overall structure of all coronaviruses are the spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N). In the specific case of the SARS coronavirus (see below), a defined receptor-binding domain on S mediates the attachment of the virus to its cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).[8] Some coronaviruses (specifically the members of Betacoronavirus subgroup A) also have a shorter spike-like protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE).[4]

Replication


The infection cycle of coronavirus
Following the entry of this virus into the cell, the virus particle is uncoated and the RNA genome is deposited into the cytoplasm.
The coronavirus RNA genome has a 5′ methylated cap and a 3′ polyadenylated tail. This allows the RNA to attach to ribosomes for translation.
Coronaviruses also have a protein known as a replicase encoded in its genome which allows the RNA viral genome to be transcribed into new RNA copies using the host cell's machinery. The replicase is the first protein to be made; once the gene encoding the replicase is translated, the translation is stopped by a stop codon. This is known as a nested transcript. When the mRNA transcript only encodes one gene, it is monocistronic. A coronavirus non-structural protein provides extra fidelity to replication because it confers a proofreading function,[9] which is lacking in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzymes alone.
The RNA genome is replicated and a long polyprotein is formed, where all of the proteins are attached. Coronaviruses have a non-structural protein – a protease – which is able to separate the proteins in the chain. This is a form of genetic economy for the virus, allowing it to encode the greatest number of genes in a small number of nucleotides.[10]

Taxonomy

Evolution

The most recent common ancestor of the coronavirus has been placed at 8000 BCE.[13] They may be considerably older than this. Another estimate places the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all coronaviruses around 8100 BCE. The MRCA of Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus have been placed at about 2400 BCE, 3300 BCE, 2800 BCE and 3000 BCE, respectively. It appears that bats and birds, the warm-blooded flying vertebrates, are ideal hosts for the coronavirus gene source (with bats for Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus, and birds for Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus) to fuel coronavirus evolution and dissemination.[14]
Bovine coronavirus and canine respiratory coronavirus diverged from a common ancestor in 1951.[15] Bovine coronavirus and human coronavirus OC43 diverged in 1899. Bovine coronavirus diverged from the equine coronavirus species at the end of the 18th century. Another estimate suggests that human coronavirus OC43 diverged from bovine coronavirus in 1890.[16]
The MRCA of human coronavirus OC43 has been dated to the 1950s.[17]
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, although related to several bat species, appears to have diverged from these several centuries ago.[18] The human coronavirus NL63 and a bat coronovirus shared an MRCA 563–822 years ago.[19]
The most closely related bat coronovirus and the SARS coronavirus diverged in 1986.[20] A path of evolution of the SARS virus and keen relationship with bats have been proposed.[21][22] The authors suggest that the coronaviruses have been coevolved with bats for a long time and the ancestors of SARS virus first infected the species of the genus Hipposideridae, subsequently spread to species of the Rhinolophidae and then to civets, and finally to humans.[citation needed]
Alpaca coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E diverged before 1960.[23]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus

Human coronaviruses

Coronaviruses are believed to cause a significant percentage of all common colds in human adults and children. Coronaviruses cause colds with major symptoms, e.g. fever, throat swollen adenoids, in humans primarily in the winter and early spring seasons.[24] Coronaviruses can cause pneumonia, either direct viral pneumonia or a secondary bacterial pneumonia and they can also cause bronchitis, either direct viral bronchitis or a secondary bacterial bronchitis.[25] The much publicized human coronavirus discovered in 2003, SARS-CoV which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), has a unique pathogenesis because it causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections.[25]
There are seven strains of human coronaviruses:
  1. Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E)
  2. Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43)
  3. SARS-CoV
  4. Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63, New Haven coronavirus)
  5. Human coronavirus HKU1
  6. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), previously known as novel coronavirus 2012 and HCoV-EMC.
  7. Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV),[26][27] also known as Wuhan pneumonia or Wuhan coronavirus.[28] ('Novel' in this case means newly discovered, or newly originated, and is a placeholder name.)
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International Health Regulations Emergency Committee on novel coronavirus in China

International Health Regulations Emergency Committee on novel coronavirus in China

The Emergency Committee on the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) under the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) will be reconvened by the World Health Organization Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus on Thursday, 30 January. The meeting is planned to start at 13:30 Geneva time. The Committee will advise the Director-General on whether the outbreak constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), and what recommendations should be made to manage it. The Director-General’s decision, following the Committee’s advice, will be made public on WHO’s website and via a press conference. The recommendations will also be made public.
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Direct Selling in Nepal - Network Marketing

   
Although the history of direct selling or network marketing system in Nepal is very old, it has been developing in an unstable manner amid the bitter reality of consumers being killed under various pretexts, going through various ups and downs systematically and unorganized for two decades.  Sometimes because of the directors, sometimes because of the distributors, sometimes because of the government, ordinary consumers were killed, and billions of rupees of the people were lost in the name of networking.
 In this context, after the directive order dated 15th Chaitra is believed that under this Act, the provision of at least 50 percent of domestic goods should be sold or distributed by the licensee who conducts business with a license while directly selling or distributing the goods will contribute very significantly to the growth, promotion and development of the indigenous industry.  It is certain that it can play a special role in reducing the dire situation in which more than three and a half lakh Nepali youths are migrating abroad in search of employment.  The paid-up capital, bond, monitoring, action, profit distribution, distribution and the rights of consumers and distributors of the company that wants to obtain a license for direct sale and distribution of goods have been clearly arranged in the Act.
 From a legal point of view, even though this Act was approved, due to delay, it entered the process of implementation without becoming a regulation.  But the common consumers were getting confused that the Act had already been implemented.  Now many domestic and foreign companies are used to convey their plans to customers or consumers.  Due to the delay in the implementation of the Act, companies with wrong intentions were increasing the trend of cheating thousands of consumers.  In view of the same situation, Gokul Baskota, the spokesperson of the Government of Nepal and the Minister of Information and Communication, informed through a press conference that the regulations have been passed.  After completing all the legal and implementation processes, many local and foreign companies have already prepared for direct sales permission.itf the Honorable Supreme Court, no objection letter of the Department of Commerce dated 27.07.2070, the working group was formed on 20th August 2070.  Long studies, debates and discussions took place, going through various ups and downs, and finally, the then Minister of Commerce submitted the Bill 2074 for direct sale of goods (management and regulation) in the Legislature-Parliament meeting on 24.6.2074 and passed it by the majority of the Parliament meeting.  The bill was passed and certified by the Honorable President on 7/1/2074.  Volume (67) of the Nepal Gazette published by the Government of Nepal was published in Kathmandu on October 1, 2074 as Additional No. 23 (a) for public information.

   Direct sale of goods (managing and regulating) regulations first amendment 2076 was passed by the Council of Ministers, it is being analyzed that businessmen and millions of consumers associated with it will have unlimited income and employment with their professional guarantees and the historical success of making business and consumer friendly regulations is being analyzed.  After the implementation of this regulation, there is widespread interest and debate in the Nepali market and many companies are preparing for approval, while foreign companies are also preparing to enter Nepal.

 It is also being debated that direct sale of goods (management and regulation) bill is very strict and transparent in Asia.  Because in Section 50 of the Act, it is clearly mentioned that regardless of what is written elsewhere in this Act, if the license of a license holder is revoked, the license will not be re-issued in the name of the same company or the same owner.  This has discouraged the licensee from doing business with wrong intentions and plans.

  It is believed that under this Act, the provision of at least 50 percent of domestic goods should be sold or distributed by the licensee who conducts business with a license while directly selling or distributing the goods will contribute very significantly to the growth, promotion and development of the indigenous industry.  It is certain that it can play a special role in reducing the dire situation in which more than three and a half lakh Nepali youths are migrating abroad in search of employment.  The paid-up capital, bond, monitoring, action, profit distribution, distribution and the rights of consumers and distributors of the company that wants to obtain a license for direct sale and distribution of goods have been clearly arranged in the Act.
 From a legal point of view, even though this Act was approved, due to delay, it entered the process of implementation without becoming a regulation.  But the common consumers were getting confused that the Act had already been implemented.  Now many domestic and foreign companies are used to convey their plans to customers or consumers.  Due to the delay in the implementation of the Act, companies with wrong intentions were increasing the trend of cheating thousands of consumers.  In view of the same situation, Gokul Baskota, the spokesperson of the Government of Nepal and the Minister of Information and Communication, informed through a press conference that the regulations have been passed.  After completing all the legal and implementation processes, many local and foreign companies have already prepared for direct sales permission.
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Holiday Alert on the ocassion of Balidani Diwas

                      Holiday Alert:
Pradesh 2 Government has given holiday tomorrow (Sunday, Magh 5) on the occasion of Balidani Diwas. This is to commemorate Ramesh Mahato who lost his life during Madhesh Aandolan (2063) and many others in due process.
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Avalanche at Annapurna Base Camp

Avalanche at Annapurna Base Camp

People who were lost in yesterday's avalanche
near Annapurna Base Camp are still missing.
 S. Korean government confirmed that their citizens are missing.
They also sent a helicopter today morning.
There are other people missing as well reportedly.


















                                                                                                Source:-@Routine of Nepal banda
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appan pyara mithla visit province-2 ,2020

From today the worship of Bhuniya Maharaj (Dina-Bhadri) has started.

 Bhuniya Maharaj i.e. Dina-Bhadri: family deity of Musahar community, folk god of Mithila and Nepal, India and Mithila, folk hero and historical warrior.

As seen in the photo, bathing with boiling hot milk takes place on the day of Pursi 3 Magh 2076.  Therefore, those who are interested in seeing this wonderful worship are cordially invited to observe the main ceremony of the first International Bhunaiya Day on January 3rd, Friday at Boharba, Ishwarpur municipality of Sarlahi district at 1 o'clock in the day.


#VisitNepal2020
#VisitProvince2 2020
#VisitSarlahi
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The wolf of Bangladesh: A true story

The wolf of Bangladesh: A true story




  • The last wolf in Bangladesh was seen in 1949 – until this year.
  • The wolf, an adult male, was killed by local villagers in the Sundarbans, a suboptimal habitat for wolves.
  • But could there be more wolves in the Sundarbans? Is there a breeding population? Time will tell.
For Muntasir Akash, it all started with a photo in a news report in early June. The photo showed a canine-like animal, beaten and dead, legs splayed, hanging from makeshift posts. It was killed by local people in the remote village of Taltoli in the Bangladeshi Sundarbans, the world’s largest mangrove forest, straddling both Bangladesh and India.
“Here the story begins,” says Akash, a wildlife biologist at the University of Dhaka. What first struck this expert on carnivorous mammals most was the dead animal’s “white patch around the cheek and throat.”
Akash sent emails to his colleagues, Jan Kamler and William Duckworth, both of whom agreed with Akash’s initial suspicion: the animal was a wolf. The only problem? There are no wolves in Bangladesh.
Measuring the newly killed wolf in Bangladesh before the first burial. Photo by: Hairaj Majhi.
At least, there hadn’t been a documented wolf in the country since 1949, a time when Bangladesh was still part of Pakistan.
Hooked at this point, Akash reached out to other colleagues, many of whom thought it was a golden jackal (Canis aureus). Jackals are not quite common in Bangladesh.
Akash was able to secure more unpublished photos from the deputy commissioner at the time of Barguna district, where the animal was killed. The new photos increased both his and his colleagues’ belief that this was indeed an Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes), a subspecies of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) though there has been ongoing debate as to whether the population in India is a distinct species in its own right.
By the evening of the next day, Akash was on a boat from Dhaka heading toward Taltoli, one of the most far-flung places in the Sundarbans.
Digging up a dead wolf
Getting to Taltoli proved challenging: after the first boat, Akas had to jump on a rickshaw, then transfer to a motorbike, another boat, then a final, third boat to reach the village by lunchtime the next day.
By the time Akash got there, the animal had been dead for a week, its body buried near the local branch office of the Bangladesh Forest Department. With the help of a local ranger, Akash went about the grisly business of digging up the mystery animal.
“On first look on the skull, the idea became firm,” he says. “It could never be a jackal or any lesser canid species. It was a wolf for sure.”
A week of decomposition meant the skin was rotting away;  Akash describes it as “greasy” but otherwise “intact.”
Digging up the dead wolf for proof. Photo by: Muntasir Akash.
He took samples of hair and tissue from one of the legs. The DNA results, which would come in July, confirmed it: this was no jackal. It was a wolf. The wolf of Bangladesh.
The once-buried body was reburied, though Akash plans to return and dig it up again for measurements.
The wolf’s death — beaten and hung — is not an unusual response to carnivores in Bangladesh.
“[In Bangladesh] the trend is: anything wild and mobile is to be captured and killed if the animal looks like a cat [or] dog. Civets and fishing cats are the most reported species lynched to death in Bangladesh,” Akash says, adding that the work of conservationists and animal rights activities has helped rein in some of the killing, especially of tigers.
Mangrove wolves?
Not only are wolves not supposed to be in Bangladesh anymore, they aren’t supposed to be in the Sundarbans either. Indian wolves are creatures of the grasslands, scrub, deciduous forests and the areas between wilderness and agriculture.
Still, this wasn’t the first wolf recently found among the dense, muddy, watery mangroves. In 2017, wildlife photographer Riddhi Mukherjee took a remarkable photo of a wolf on the Indian side of the Sundarbans, more than 300 kilometers (190 miles) from the nearest known wolf population in Purulia district.
Map of the Sundarbans, which spreads to both India and Bangladesh.
“The 2017 news of wolf from the Indian Sundarbans was in my mind and bolstered me,” Akash says of his quest.
Sometimes animals do weird things, like showing up in strange places. Indian wolves are known to potentially migrate some 300 kilometers from their birthplace. And some animals are just eccentric and spurred to find new territory.
But does that mean the wolf of Bangladesh could have been the same wolf seen in the Indian Sundarbans two years earlier? Is this just surprising behavior from a single wolf, and nothing more?
“This is definitely not the same individual. It can never be,” Akash says. “True, a wolf can cover a great distance. The Sundarbans, on the contrary, is a formation of mangrove islands and compartments separated by creeks, and formidable rivers in cases. To be at Taltoli, that individual [would have] needed to cross the entire Sundarbans, then, one of the largest river mouths of the mangrove, then several localities. An impossible distance to cover.”
According to Akash, local journalist Hairaj Majhi had another theory. The community’s problems with the wolf didn’t start until after Cyclone Fani passed through the region in early May. Then, all of a sudden, livestock were being attacked by an unknown animal; a calf was killed. Some locals believed it was a tiger, of which around a hundred inhabit the Bangladeshi Sundarbans. But “a dog-like animal [was] sighted on four occasions,” Akash says, adding that after a while, “the locals [ran] out of patience and trapped [it].”
Akash says he believes the wolf of Bangladesh got caught up in the cyclone, was swept into this remote region of the Sundarbans, and survived by lying low in a nearby protected area, the Tengragiri Wildlife Sanctuary. It lived there, hunting in the village, before its demise at the hands of the locals.
Akash says he doesn’t believe a wolf pack survives in Tengragiri, because the prey there is sparse (he says there are no deer) and the nearby villages have not experienced recent wildlife conflict. But Akash says he also dismisses the idea that this was some lone wolf, an eccentric that found itself among the mangroves. Instead, he says he thinks this is a howling clue to a previously unknown, unidentified breeding population.
If there is a wolf population in the Sundarbans, they would need to deal with a much larger and potent predator: the Bengal tiger. Here a Bengal tiger checks out the conditions before getting into the canal at Sundarban Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India. Photo by: Soumyajit Nandy / Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International.
“There must be a population of wolf in the Sundarbans,” he says. The prey is abundant enough in many areas, he says, including plenty of boar and deer. Akash also says he believes this potential cryptic population has already been photographed numerous times during camera-trap surveys for tigers over the past five years. He says he thinks the photos of wolves have simply been erroneously identified as jackals.
Akash is currently in the process of trying to access the camera-trap photos from the Bangladesh Forest Department.
The wolves of Mowgli
But not every expert agrees with Akash about a breeding wolf population in the Sundarbans.
Iravatee Majgaonkar, a wildlife biologist who studies the interaction between wolves and people in India, says it’s unlikely there is a population in the Sundarbans.
“It is possible that this animal was present close to mangrove habitats in the recent past or, since it’s so adaptable, moved through mangrove habitats while dispersing,” she says.
An Indian wolf photographed at Mayureshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, Pune – Maharashtra, India. Photo by: Rudraksha Chodankar / Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International.
She points both to the wolf’s ability to travel far and wide and its hardiness.
She says it’s really impossible to know how long this wolf might have been in the Sundarbans and whether it was dispersing — looking for a new home and new wolves — or not.
Majgaonkar says it’s also possible this is the same wolf photographed in India in 2017, given both were adult males. However, she adds that even if that’s the case, it would be quite surprising, because it would mean an individual wolf surviving for several years among the mangroves.
Mangroves are suboptimal habitat for Indian wolves, according to Majgaonkar, lacking many of their common prey animals and the large open areas that the wolf has evolved for.
“However, animals are adaptable and they can change their behavior to be able to survive in modified landscapes,” she says.
The most recent estimate of wolves in India was 2,000 to 3,000 animals, but Majgaonkar says that estimate is long out of date.
While wolves are ostensibly legally protected in India, Majgaonkar says “on [the] ground, there isn’t much focus on them in terms of active protection, protected areas, monitoring for population trends.” India’s wolves, who inspired Rudyard Kipling’s characters of Raksha and Rama, the adoptive parents of Mowgli, and Akela and Grey Brother in The Jungle Book, have run into conservation neglect, especially when compared to the country’s other large mammals like tigers and elephants.
An illustration from the original The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling showing Shere Khan confronting the wolves over Mowgli (seen in the background). Illustration by his father, John Lockwood Kipling.
However, that may soon be changing: a number of researchers in India are working on the Wild Canids – India Project to map the distribution of wolves, hyenas and other canids across the country and come up with more accurate numbers.
“It is only in recent years that conservation research on Indian wolves has gained some traction,” says Arjun Srivathsa, a doctoral candidate at the University of Florida and a research associate with the Wildlife Conservation Society – India, who, along with Majgaonkar, is working on the project. “Based on preliminary insights, we think that Indian wolf populations may be stable in some regions and declining in other areas.”
Srivathsa says wolves are imperiled by human-wildlife conflict, diseases and possibly hybridization with stray dogs (India has more than 30 million strays, he says), and habitat destruction.
“Unfortunately, natural savannah grasslands and scrublands are termed ‘wastelands’ in India and often diverted for commercial use,” Srivathsa says.
It may be that as wolf populations are losing their normal habitat they are moving wherever they can, including into the Sundarbans.
A wolf in jackal’s clothes?
The Sundarbans wolf may not be a new phenomenon.
In 1953, a local hunter claimed to have killed a wolf in Noakhali, on the edge of the Bangladeshi Sundarbans, though many thought it was a jackal.
A golden jackal photogtraphed in the Upper Bhavani region, Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu, India. Photo by: Prabukumar84 / Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
“I think [the hunter] was correct,” Akash says. “There is saying: [the] jackal of the mangrove never howls [because of its] fear of tigers. Who knows what ‘jackal’ [local people] are referring to?”
It may be that wolves never really went fully extinct in Bangladesh. It may be they hunkered down and held on; it may be they posed as jackals and fooled everyone.
It may be.
If Akash is right, it may be that some wolves, under tremendous pressure elsewhere from deforestation and the destruction of grasslands, are turning to a less suitable, but perhaps more secure, habitat: the Sundarbans mangroves. In an attempt to escape humans, the Indian wolf may be evolving some new tricks.
Akash collecting the samples that would prove the animal was no jackal. Photo by: Akash Muntasir.
Akash says he believes now is the time to search for this alleged population, including looking at old and future camera traps, surveys for a cryptic population, and interviewing local people.
If a population is there, conservation measures must be put in place, allowing these wolves a chance to thrive — and continue to surprise.
“All in all, there is a viable population of wolf in the Sundarbans — the mangrove wolf — first of its kind,” Akash says. “I can bet everything on their presence.”

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World shortest Man

Sad NewsЁЯШв

рд╕ंрд╕ाрд░рдХै рд╣ोрдЪा рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддिрдХो рд░ुрдкрдоा рд╡िрд╢्рд╡ рдХीрд░्рддिрдоाрди рд░ाрдЦेрдХा рдЦрдЧेрди्рдж्рд░ рдеाрдкा рдордЧрд░рдХो рд╢ुрдХ्рд░рд╡ाрд░ рджिрдЙрд╕ो рдордгिрдкाрд▓ рдЕрд╕्рдкрддाрд▓ рдкोрдЦрд░ाрдоा рдиिрдзрди рднрдПрдХो рдЫ ।"
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